Track 16 Legal and Ethical aspects:

The legislation called the Transplantation of Human Organ Act (THO) was passed in 1994 to streamline organ donation and transplantation activities. Broadly, the act accepted brain death as a form of death and made the sale of organs a punishable offence. With the acceptance of brain death, it became possible to not only undertake kidney transplantations but also start other solid organ transplants like liver, heart, lungs, and pancreas. Parallel to the living related and unrelated donation program, the deceased donation program has slowly evolved. In approximately one-third of all liver transplants, the organs have come from the deceased donor program as have all the hearts and pancreas transplants. In these states, a few hospitals along with committed NGOs have kept the momentum of the deceased donor program.

To overcome organ shortage, developed countries are re-looking at the ethics of unrelated programs and there seems to be a move towards making this an acceptable legal alternative. The ethics of commerce in organ donation and transplant tourism has been widely criticized by international bodies. The legal and ethical principles that we follow universally with organ donation and transplantation are also important for the future as these may be used to resolve our conflicts related to emerging sciences such as cloning, tissue engineering, and stem cells

Ethics of organ sale

The presence of a growing middle class, the lack of a national health insurance scheme, the growing disparity between the rich and poor, and to some extent the presence of technology makes the process of commodification of organs a simple, quick, and attractive business proposition for some and a solution for others. The more recent live liver donation program has also been influenced by kidney donation and unrelated living donations have been reported in the media including two deaths. Although kidney donation is a relatively safe surgery, the rising incidence of diabetes and hypertension in India makes the young donors potentially risk their health in the long-term. In some of the studies, it has been noted that when the motive of donation has been purely commercial, donors in the post-operative period have been more prone to ill-health. Whereas when the donation was purely altruistic, there was the feel-good factor and the psychological recovery was much better.

Track 17 Socioeconomic factors:

Socioeconomic factors have been shown to affect health care outcomes. Poverty, unemployment, and low education level have been listed among the factors that adversely affect health.

 Transplantation noncompliance: occupational status, educational level, language or cultural barriers, and ethnic background.  Race and income have substantial effects on mortality and use of services among Medicare beneficiaries.  Poor individuals are less likely than wealthy individuals to be medically suitable, to be interested in transplantation, and to complete the pre- transplantation workup

Based on UNOS data, in patients with liver transplant, it has been shown that neighbourhood income had no effect on graft or patient survival, education had only marginal influence on the outcome (survival was lower in those with a high school education than in those with graduate education), and patients with Medicaid and Medicare had lower survival when compared with those with private insurance .The results of our study that was done in kidney transplant recipients are similar. In the entire patient group, there is a statistically significant benefit to graft and patient survival from having private insurance compared with Medicare. This effect was observed across almost all racial groups (except for Asian patients, for whom there was no significant association between private insurance and graft survival). HMO/PPO was associated with significantly higher risk for graft failure but improved patient survival. These results are similar to those reported in liver transplant recipients. 

Australian donor rates are on the rise. Between 2009 and 2013, donor numbers increased by 29%. In 2009 there were 11.4 donors per million of the population. By 2013 there were 16.9 donors per million of the population. In Australia around 1600 people are on the organ transplant waiting list at any time. Less than 1% of persons whose death is in hospital can be potential donors because of the limited circumstances for which organ donation is possible. In 2013 only 40% of patients on the organ wait list received a transplant and 2% of the patients on the waiting list died while waiting for an organ.

 Donor rates in Australia per million population.

Table 1.3 source: Australian Government Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Authority (2014). Annual Report.

 Transplanted organs 2014 in Australia

 Australian Government Organ and Tissue and Transplantation Authority (2014). Facts and Statistics.

The Australian Organ Donor Register is a government register. People can register to be organ donors or they can register that they wish to not be an organ donor. The register is nationwide and is the only register in Australia. Registering is simple and can be done online at the Donate life.

Organ transplantation 2018 Report

World congress on Organ transplantation and artificial Organs was hosted by the Conference Series LLC LTD at Tokyo, Japan during August 24-25, 2017 with the theme “Explore and Exploit the Novel Techniques to Repair, Restore and Regenerate”.

The conference marked its start by an opening ceremony which included introduction by the Honourable Guests and the Members of Keynote Forum. All the speakers have extended their contribution in the form of highly informative presentations to lead the conference to the ladder of success.

Conference Series extends its warm gratitude towards all the Participants, Eminent Speakers, Young Researchers, Delegates and Students.

We would like to specially thank the following people who laid the foundation for the event’s success

Organizing Committee Members:

• Medhat Askar- Director, Transplant ommunology, Baylor university,USA
• Walter G.Land- professor, University of stasbourg, France
• Elmar jaeckel- Professor, Hannover Medical School, Germany
• Matteo Ravaioli- Doctor, University of bologna, Italy
• Janez Rozman- Doctor, University of Ljubljana, solvenia
• Edyta Skwirczynska- Associate Professor,  Pomeranian medical university, poland
• Fariborz Tavangarian-Associate Professor, Pennsylvania state University, USA

Keynote Speakers:

• Bruce Geleb- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, USA
• Chris Elliott- Leman Micro Devices SA, Switzerland
• Sujata Malik- Sunburst Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., India
• Masahiro Onuma- TriSGuide Ltd, Japan
• Mditsheni J Ramakuela- University of Venda, South Africa
• Yoshiaki Omura- International College of Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics, USA
• Hiroshi Ohrui- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Japan

After the huge optimistic response from scientific fraternity, renowned personalities and the Editorial Board Members of Conference Series LLC LTD Group from across the world we are pleased to announce the 8^th International Conference on Organ donation and transplantation to be held during July 15-16, 2019 at Sydney, Australia.

Let us meet again @ Transplantation science 2019